American Revolutionary War - 2411 Words

A motivating force behind the revolution was the American embrace of a political ideology called republicanism, which was dominant in the colonies by 1775. The country party in Britain, whose critique of British government emphasized that corruption was to be feared, influenced American politicians. The commitment of most Americans to republican values and to their rights, helped bring about the American Revolution, as Britain was increasingly seen as hopelessly corrupt and hostile to American interests; it seemed to threaten to the established liberties that Americans enjoyed. The greatest threat to liberty was depicted as corruption. The colonists associated it with luxury and, especially, inherited aristocracy, which they condemned.†¦show more content†¦The Americans were totally unaware that the British would try to cross the creek in separate places. Washington backtracked to Chester, Pennsylvania. A British pursuit was stopped by a rearguard unit; therefore, Howe could not occupy the abandoned capital until September 26. British deaths totaled to about 600 and American losses were 900 dead and wounded, along with 400 taken prisoner. After Howe s victory at Brandywine, his army camped at Germantown, Pennsylvania. Washington planned a surprise attack against the redcoats at sunrise. He broke the army into four separate columns for battle. The American soldiers marched to Germantown by two roads, with General Sullivan to the right and General Greene to the left. Washington, along with General Wayne, joined Sulliven and caused the British to fall back. Some hundred men ran and hid in the Chew house, a large stone building, and returned fire from the second story. Instead of by-passing the building, Colonel Knox believed that they should destroy the house with the redcoats in it. Knox s fired cannons at the home, which merely bounced back at them. The fog and smoke caused massive confusion for several others of Washington s columns. All of a sudden two American divisions collided and fired upon each other. More and more mishaps followed, and finally Washington men retreated. In June of 1775 in Charlestown the British were awaken from their sleep. The British were totally unaware of the factShow MoreRelatedThe American Revolutionary War796 Words   |  3 PagesThe American Revolutionary War was a long hard fought war that lasted about 8 years. Many Countries were involved in the war, such as The United States, France, Great Britain, Spain, and The Dutch Republic. Not all countries actually fought but they provided either side with weapons and supplies to help them have a greater chance of winning the war. More than 70,000 people were killed during the great American Revolutionary War. The Americans were tired of the loyalist British taking advantage ofRead MoreThe American Revolutionary War1223 Words   |  5 Pagesabout the American Revolutionary War, however, the answer is clear. While the War certainly brought about change within the United States, it wasn’t necessarily very revolutionary. The most important aspects of the colonies, such as ideas about government, various types of societal equality, slavery and freed blacks, and the rights of women remained for the most part, unaffected. The theories and ideas about government that initially gave the war a purpose were definitely revolutionary. One notableRead MoreThe American Revolutionary War1519 Words   |  7 Pages What was the purpose of the American Revolutionary War, or any revolutionary war, for that matter? There are many types of government in the world, and like everything, some are better than others. The people in the countries that had revolutionary wars had the drive and determination to rebel against their government, for what they believed was right, because, well, they did not like their government and wanted another kind. Within the hundreds of types of governments, the most common includeRead MoreThe War Of Independence And The American Revolutionary War943 Words   |  4 PagesThe American Revolution or also known as the U.S War of Independence and the American Revolutionary War took place during 1775 to 1783. The Revolution was a conflict arose from the residents of Great Britain’s 13 colonies and the colonial government. The Revolution brought drastic changes to the lives of women. While the men were away at war, women would stay home, and take over the jobs men had before the war. As time flew by, women started taking roles in the Revolutionary War, examples of rolesRead MoreThe American Revolutionary War Was Truly Revolutionary?1240 Words   |  5 PagesAP U.S History: D.B.Q. American Revolution Prompt: Analyze the extent to which the American Revolutionary War was truly ‘revolutionary?’† The American Revolution, which occurred approximately from 1765 to 1786, is also known as the American Revolutionary War and the U.S. War of Independence, for good reason. The conflict rose from rising tensions amid the people of Great Britain’s thirteen American colonies and the colonial government, which represented the British crown. ClashesRead MoreThe American Revolutionary War Essay517 Words   |  3 PagesThe American Revolutionary War (1775–1783), the American War of Independence, or simply the Revolutionary War in the United States, was the prosperous military revolt against Great Britain of Thirteen American Colonies which joined together as the United States of America in July 1776. Originally constrained to fighting in those colonies, after 1778 it additionally became a world war between Britain and France, Netherlands, Spain, and Mysore. The war had its inchoations in the resistance of manyRead MoreAmerican Revolution : The American Revolutionary War923 Words   |  4 PagesThe American Revolution is known as the war fought between American and Great Britain, for Americans freedom. The American Revolution is also commonly known as the American Revolutionary War, or the U.S War of Independence. The War itself only last a short eight years, it began in 1775 and ended in 1783, but tensions had been building up for centuries between the Great Britain and the colonies at the given time period. The American Revolutionary War until 1778 was a war of independence betweenRead MoreThe Trail Of The American Revolutionary War1554 Words   |  7 PagesThe Trail to The American Revolutionary War The roots of the American Revolution can be traced all the way back to the year 1763 when British leaders began to tighten imperial reins. Once the relations between Britain and the colonies became more of a conflict. Britain’s land policy prohibiting settlement in the West irritated colonists as well as the arrival of British troops. The colonists believed that they should be able to live democratically. Alongside, Britain feeling as though they ownedRead MoreThe American Revolutionary War, And The Declaration Of Independence1288 Words   |  6 PagesThe Colonial Period in America was a revolutionary era that lasted through the years of 1607-1776. The Speech in the Virginia Convention, written by Patrick Henry, and the Declaration of Independence, written by Thomas Jefferson, were two major components that influenced the colonists to fight for their freedom against the British. During these Colonials times, many speeches, events, and documents, leading up to the American Revolutionary War, impacted the outcome of our nation today. The SpeechRead MoreThe American Revolutionary War : The Battle Of Yorktown Essay1192 Words   |  5 PagesThe American Revolutionary War was a war that brought unity among American Colonies. The Colonies fought Great Britain for many years to gain their independence from the mother country. The American Revolutionary War was between the years of 1775 and 1783. There were many major battles fought, but one major battle that ended the long war was the Battle of Yorktown. The Battle of Yorktown was â€Å"fought September 28 to October 19, 1781† (â€Å"American Revolution: Battle of Yorktown†). The battle was a successful

Economics of Carbon Emissions and Climate Change - 1109 Words

Economics of Carbon Emissions and Climate Change The economics of climate change is a very controversial and disputed. To even discuss what should be done economists have to either state whether or not global warming and climate change exist. According to the CATO article, Climate Change vs. Climate Models (Michaels and Knappenberger, 2013), â€Å"The models’ estimate of the increase in temperature resulting from a doubling of carbon dioxide concentration may simply be too high.† As questioned in the article, is there such thing as climate change? Next, if climate change does exist, are carbon emissions a relevant cause of such a phenomena? With all of these questions at hand, how do we deal or cope with the current environmental state through economic means? Does climate change exist? According to the U.S. Global Research Program (USGRP), climate change does exist. Not in the sense of immediate and drastic changes in the climate, but a gradual fluctuation in temperatur es that have been gathered since the early 1900s. The empirical data that has been gathered shows a steady increase in the mean maximum temperature recorded in the Canadian Climate Change Model which is the basis on the 2000 U.S. National Assessment of Climate Change. The original model generated had a sine-like pattern with a .342 °C difference between the highest crest and lowest trough. This was then proven an unworthy model when the actual empirical data was recorded with a .169 °C difference. There wasShow MoreRelatedConstraints On Nations And Individuals1677 Words   |  7 Pages Constraints on Nations and Individuals in Combating Climate Change Course and code Date Name of student Name of Institute Constraints on Nations and Individuals in Combating Climate Change For many years, the issue of climate change has been thorny mostly because it affects the whole world yet a few countries are the greatest contributors. Climate change has led to global warming that has affected many countries in terms of weather variation, flooding, poverty, and desertificationRead MoreCarbon Dioxide Emissions in Australia and Climate Change1375 Words   |  5 PagesMarket-based policies are a proven way to limit carbon pollution and channel capital and innovation into clean energy, helping to avert the catastrophic consequences of climate change† - EDF vice president for international climate, Nathaniel Keohan Introduction In a contemporary political setting, it is now broadly recognized that over the 20th century, the atmospheric concentrations of key greenhouse gases, particularly Carbon Dioxide have been amplified by human activity. Australia can be heldRead MoreEssay On Mitigation1367 Words   |  6 PagesCombating Climate Change: An Analysis of Emissions Mitigation Policies Implementing Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions reduction policies is motivated by the occurrence of climate change and its projected damage to world economies, ecosystems and communities. Climate change is becoming increasingly urgent in the world sphere with its main cause being observed anthropogenic and thus certain mitigation and adaptation policies must be put in place to attempt to slow the current rate of warming and allowRead MoreThe Critical Implications Of Climate Change For Business1034 Words   |  5 Pagesimplications of climate change for business? A business plays a heavy and critical role in the contribution to global climate change. Suzanne Goldberg (2013) reports that only 90 companies worldwide caused two-thirds of the man-made global warming emissions. Oil, coal and gas companies are the major players in the global climate change crisis of the 21st century (Goldberg 2013). Companies such as Chevron, Exxon and BP are three of the highest contributors of greenhouse gas emissions. A staggeringRead MoreEssay On Carbon Sands917 Words   |  4 PagesCanada’s top polluting economic sectors are oil and gas and transportation, each accounting for 26% and 24% of total emissions respectively (Environment Canada, 2017). Provinces have different reactions towards Canada’s INDC depending on the sectors that fuel the individual province’s economy. Canada’s tar sands sector is growing more popular nationally and internationally, as it houses the third largest oil reserve in the world with greater than 170 bil lion barrels of oil (â€Å"Canada pulls out of KyotoRead MoreClimate Warming And Its Effects On Climate Change Essay1713 Words   |  7 Pagesin our history we have pushed above our historical temperature range due to emittance of anthropogenic carbon emissions. Scientists are uncertain of how much warming humanity can tolerate before experiencing the most destructive and dangerous effects of climate change, but most believe that two degrees Celsius is a good starting point to aim for. Thus, the stated goal of many international climate dialogs, such as the Paris Agreements, has been to stop the planet from warming an additional two degreesRead MoreHow Engineering Can Work Together With Anthropology1198 Words   |  5 Pagesexplore the effects of global climate change, due to increased carbon emissions. Political ecology, co-management, and tragedy of the commons are three concepts within anthropology which will be used to discuss this issue, and will be defined in detail furthe r in this paper. Climate change can be defined as the change in global or regional climate patterns due to human activity. The World Wildlife Fund (2012) has found that the main contributor towards climate change to be the increased levels ofRead MoreThe Carbon Pollution Reduction Scheme1018 Words   |  4 PagesTim Randall Reducing carbon dioxide emissions, an ostensible catalyst for global climate change, has become a priority for many of the G-20 economies and developed world since the Kyoto protocol was enacted. Countries have developed a myriad of mechanisms designed to drastically reduce their sovereign carbon footprint, yet from these diverse policy directives a new commodity was created in the form of emission reductions or removals; carbon is now tracked and traded like any other commodity.Read MoreClimate Change : An Effective Method Of Improving Air Quality During This Transition1676 Words   |  7 PagesDefining climate change is crucial in the process of building agreements among scientists, policy makers and the public. The UNFCCC defines climate change as a significant change in global climate patterns caused by the alteration of earth’s atmosphere due to high carbon emissions. Climate change is a timely, controversial and significant topic. Global temperature has been increasing since the start of the Industrial Revolution and climate specialists have put forth an array of compelling evidenceRead MoreEuropean Union ( Eu ) Action1502 Words   |  7 Pagesother GHG emissions. In 2005, the EU establishes an effective system, which is EU Emissions Trading Scheme (EU ETS) (European Communities, 2013). The EU ETS considers as effective system to combat climate change and tool to reduce CO2 and other GHG (European Communities, 2015). The EU ETS has biggest and first main emissions trading in the world. This system includes 28 countries from the EU as well Iceland, Liechtenstein and Norway. This trading scheme puts price on each ton of carbon emissions. As the

Traditional And Beyond Budgeting Samples †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Traditional And Beyond Budgeting. Answer: Introduction: Budgets were created to assist the managers in controlling cost and cash flows however it later became the fixed performance contracts between the supervisors of company and subordinates. Furthermore, budgets are considered as the key elements in planning financial values and transforming strategic ideas into understandable operative actions (Rka, ?tefan and Daniel 2014). The essay provides critical information of the traditional budgeting and beyond budgeting. It also discusses the rolling financial forecast and all the related tools in the organization. Criticism of Traditional budgeting: Budgeting is regarded as one of the most vital, successful and useful tool that is used inmanagerial accounting (Amato 2013). In the present age of modernization, every organization depends heavily on budgets and budgetary systems to attain strategic goal and it can harvest handsome amount of rewards given they are properly understood and implemented. Over the years, drawbacks relating to traditional budgeting have been identified. Traditional budgeting methods are regarded as time consuming and costly that hardly emphasises on the strategy and are at times contradictory. Traditional budgeting add little value and focuses on cost reduction instead of creation of value by strengthening vertical command and control (Bogsnes 2016). Though, traditional budgets have changed over the years it is understood that they could not face the changes in the economic and business environment. Therefore, traditional budget must be reshaped and alternative methods of budgeting should be created. Critics have claimed that traditional budgeting prevents the response of constantly changing the environment. Further, it focuses on controls instead of helping the organization in achieving its strategic objectives. The political power in the organization drives resource allocations rather than addressing the strategic needs that drives the traditional bu dgeting. Bourmistrov and Kaarbe (2013) has criticised traditional budgeting for its inefficiency. Traditional budgeting consumes huge amount of time and large amount of management resources. So far only a small percentage of parties that are involved in the budgeting procedure assumes that the time spend is valuable. One of the main reason behind the criticism of traditional budgeting is that it consumes huge time by using spreadsheets. Despite spreadsheet is an important tool in companies, spreadsheets have intrinsic inadequacy. They are prone to data entry errors and cumbersome in devising accurate formulations. Most of the businesses have annual budgeting cycle and the annual emphasis often make the budget out of date soon after it has been created. The traditional budgeting system falls short in motivating individuals to act in the interest of the company and it is criticised for the unprofessional attitudes in budget cost centre of the managers (Henttu and Jrvinen 2013). Perhaps traditional budgets have been criticised for preventing knowledge sharing and reinforces departmental barriers. As the managers are obsessed with the hitting the numerical figures right, they generally miss out the strategic purpose of budgeting. Traditional budgeting procedure emphasises on the cost reduction instead of value creation, which ultimately means that strategic initiatives are unjustly given lower priorities. To improve traditional budgeting: Critical evaluation with pros and cons of improving traditional budgeting: Budgeting is regarded as one of the vital, successful and useful tool that is used in the management accounting. Even though traditional budgeting has numerous shortcomings, it is still considered as the indispensible process. Traditional budgeting is considered as the framework of control as it helps in corporate budgeting to coordinate the financial activities of the company since it creates a reference point (Cardo? 2014). It offers a framework of control, which makes it easier to administer the activities with stability. Few organizations particularly banks and other types of financial institutions identifies the benefits of decentralization by maintaining the standard operating process. Therefore, traditional budgeting and the use of cost centres provide the managers the liberty of running their operations as long as they meet their set parameters. Traditional budgeting suffers from several weaknesses in the areas of efficiency and responsiveness. Traditional budgeting consumes large amount of time with huge sum ofmanagement resources (Henttu and Jrvinen 2013). However, only a small percentage of the parties involved in the process of traditional budgeting believe that the time spent is worthwhile. One of the prime weakness of traditional budgeting is that it takes up huge amount of time in the use of spreadsheet. Even though they are regarded as the most common tool among companies spreadsheet comprises of inherent shortcomings which is prone to errors of data entry with difficulty in devising accurate formulations. Furthermore, the prolonged drawbacks of traditional budgeting extend towards low responsiveness in change. A large number of companies have annual budgeting cycle and this annual focus often makes the budget very obsolete soon it has been created (Ouda and Makhlouf 2014). Reviews are not conducted on regular basis under traditional budgeting to consider change. Therefore, budgets reviews often considers longer than the needed that defeats the objectives of change adaption. Recommendations on suitability of traditional budgeting: In electronic companies traditional budgeting has been used as the forecasting tool that have turned out to be more forward looking with better linkage to the strategic planning. Several contributors believed that forecasting is more important than budgeting (Pietrzak 2013). Since the assumptions on which the budgeting numbers forms, their basis often changes very quickly. They are dependent on the forecast that are updated more frequently. However, the traditional budgeting yet serves as the basis of work particularly when something goes wrong (Rka, ?tefan and Daniel 2014). Traditional budgeting acts as the anchor even though things does not remain same in the long way but it is necessary not to lose sight that was budgeted in the first place. Forecast is considered for its high-level plans whereas traditional budgets comprises of more detail. In corporations like Guardian Industries, traditional budgeting acts as the collective process under which operating units organize their plans in agreement with the corporate goals that is published by the top management. Each unit at Guardian Industries is intended to contribute in the achievement of the corporate goals (Sandalgaard and NikolajBukh 2014). The unit managers at Guardian Industries prepare sales, operating costs, overhead cost and capital requirements. They also calculate their operating profits and return on the investment which the company intends to make use of. The traditional budgets used at Guardian Industries itself forms the projections of these values for the next calendar or financial year. Considering this as the part of this process each unit offers the company with the plan and budget to the panel of upper management. Abandoning traditional budgeting: Critical evaluation with pros and cons of improving traditional budgeting: Even though traditional budgeting has faced intense criticism it is yet used universally, it appears that most of the companies have the plans of abandoning the traditional budgeting. There are few companies that wishes to abandon the traditional budgeting and those that wish to improve the traditional budgeting (Stea and Andresen 2017). Considering the advantage of traditional budgeting, it helps in planning, coordinating and evaluation of the activities. however, traditional budgeting serves as the greatest barrier to change. One of the prime reason of abandoning traditional budgeting is that it can quickly become very irrelevant. The economy might change or the market conditions may change however the budgets only looks at the things as they were back when it was created. Abandoning tradition budgeting with Beyond Budgeting: Over the years, studies have been conducted to assess whether traditional budgeting or alternative budgeting methods is better and creates a positive impacts on the businesses. It appears that companies have the plans of abandoning it. According to Cardo? (2014) dissatisfaction on with budgeting occurs on two fronts those that takes into the considerations of abandoning financial budgeting and those that considers to improve it. Traditional budgeting served several different purposes and might create a value in past however traditional budgeting fails to work in current age highly competitive environment. Abandoning traditional budgeting in favour of beyond budgeting noticed that management have gained a new sense of power. In addition to this, they have gained benefits from faster and highly adaptive decision-making, reduced bureaucracy and lower costs. Philosophy and advantages of beyond budgeting: Beyond budgeting can be defined as the detailed notion of abolition of the traditional process of budgeting with the objective of improving the management control in the organization. Beyond budgeting enables the organizations to operate with speed and simplicity. Simplicity originates from lowering of complexity in the process of management (Zeller and Metzger 2013). Beyond budgeting helps in lowering cost by observing the supplier customer relationships in order to respond with to the demands for enhancing the quality and cost. Recommendations On the basis of the analysis conducted it is not necessary to use the model of traditional budgeting since it brings down several implications on the path of successful management of the company and achievement of goals. It is obligatory to change the traditional strategy under the one that is presupposed by the beyond budgeting approach. It is proved that it positively creates an influence on the overall efficiency on the management of the company and introduces numerous benefits. Several companies such as Google, Toyota and American Express with success of these organizations forms the model as the edge over the traditional budget. Conclusion: To conclude with budgeting is regarded as the important management activity so that it can support the main strategy implementation of the management in planning and monitoring sales. Despite the essay provided advantages of beyond and rolling budget however the programme is still in the initial stages of growth. The concept needs further research, development and practical implementation prior to the actual breakthrough is achieved through managerial accounting. References Amato, N., 2013. Forward roll: How companies can move beyond traditional budgeting.Journal of Accountancy,216(4), p.26. Bogsnes, B., 2016.Implementing beyond budgeting: unlocking the performance potential. John Wiley Sons. Bogsnes, B., 2016.Implementing beyond budgeting: unlocking the performance potential. John Wiley Sons. Bourmistrov, A. and Kaarbe, K., 2013. From comfort to stretch zones: A field study of two multinational companies applying beyond budgeting ideas.Management accounting research,24(3), pp.196-211. Cardo?, I.R., 2014. NEW TRENDS IN BUDGETING-A LITERATURE REVIEW.SEA: Practical Application of Science,2(2). Henttu-Aho, T. and Jrvinen, J., 2013. A field study of the emerging practice of beyond budgeting in industrial companies: an institutional perspective.European Accounting Review,22(4), pp.765-785. Ouda, H. and Makhlouf, S., 2014. Beyond Budgeting: is it a Substitute or Complimentary to Traditional Budgeting? An Empirical Evidence from Telecommunications Companies in Egypt.British Accounting Finance Association (BAFA),14(16), p.04. Pietrzak, ?., 2013. Traditional versus activity-based budgeting in non-manufacturing companies.Social Sciences,82(4), pp.26-37. Rka, C.I., ?tefan, P. and Daniel, C.V., 2014. TRADITIONAL BUDGETING VERSUS BEYOND BUDGETING: A LITERATURE REVIEW.Annals of the University of Oradea, Economic Science Series,23(1). Sandalgaard, N. and NikolajBukh, P., 2014. Beyond Budgeting and change: a case study.Journal of Accounting Organizational Change,10(3), pp.409-423. Stea, V. and Andresen, J., 2017. The Fixed Budget: Outdated or Underrated?: How Swedish Privately Owned Companies Perceive The Fixed Budget And How It Is Used. Zeller, T.L. and Metzger, L.M., 2013. Good Bye Traditional Budgeting, Hello Rolling Forecast: Has The Time Come?.American Journal of Business Education (Online),6(3), p.299.

Swimmer By John Cheever Essays - The Swimmer, English-language Films

Swimmer By John Cheever In the short story ?The Swimmer?, John Cheever uses symbolism quite often. It is used to reveal the theme and show imagery. We will reflect on this short story and analyze the symbolism Cheever is most notable for. The story takes place in a very wealthy neighborhood where almost everyone has a pool. Not your average above ground pool, but enormous in-ground pools, some fed by streams. One hot summer day a man named Neddy Merrill was swimming at the Westerhazy's pool, ?Neddy Merrill sat by the green water, one hand in it, one around a glass of gin? (369) He is described as a slender man, a man of youth even though he is not young. ?He might be described as a summers day (369) Cheever compares Needy to a summer's day to show Needy as a warm, sporty person, without a care in the world. Neddy decides he is going to try and swim to his house 8 miles away in Bullet Park. He feels the ?string of swimming pools? (369) can take him home.? Making his way home by this uncommon route gave him the feeling that he was a pilgrim, an explorer, a man with a destiny? (370) In no way is he any of these things, but he thinks that to make himself feel more interesting. On his was home he knew he would see many friends and didn't want to be slowed down by conversation so he would have to be slick and slip away whenever he got tied up. It seems as though everyone was having friends over, he was offered many drinks. He swam half way home and he already had 4 or 5. ? He felt tired, clean, and pleased at the moment to be alone, pleased with everything.?(370) Along his journey he noticed some strange things going on, the Lindley's riding ring was overgrown with grass, and the Welchers have moved away. Neddy fails to remember them ever leaving. ?Was his memory failing him or had he so disciplined it in the repression of unpleasant facts that he damaged the sense of the truth.? (372) Further down along the trip he notices more and more things out of the ordinary, thing he doesn't remember. Mrs. Hakbran said, ?we've been terribly sorry about all your misfortunes? (374) She spoke of him selling the house and his troubled children. He did not understand,?was he losing his memory or was his gift for concealing painful facts let him forget he had sold the house or that his children are in trouble (374) After running into his old mistress and a very rude Grace Biswanger, Neddy finally returned home. He noticed all the lights were out. The garage was locked and the door handle was rusty. He banged on the door but there was no answer, he looked in the window and the place was empty. He should have seen it coming but he obviously didn't catch on . It seems as though that he had hid the unpleasant realities of life from his mind that he had forgotten the last few years of his life.

Finite Element Studies of the Pelvic Floor Deformation Essay Example

Finite Element Studies of the Pelvic Floor Deformation Essay Example Finite Element Studies of the Pelvic Floor Deformation Paper Finite Element Studies of the Pelvic Floor Deformation Paper Researches have been conducted to determine the factors that lead to pelvic floor deformation in women and solutions have been found although more has to be done to end the problem. There is hope for those women who have been suffering in silence for the reason that the anomaly can be solved or treated. This is a study that has helped to prevent pelvic floor damage during child birth and doctors are able to diagnose the problem. One of the main causes is the pressure and neural excitation provoked by vaginal child birth. This has been a big problem in women which has caused other secondary problems like unable to control bowel movements i.e. urinary and faecal incontinence. Pelvic floor dysfunction also causes pelvic pain in some women. The main cause of the problem is associated with the damage of connective tissues and muscles of the pelvic floor. : Modern studies have been conducted to determine treatment and preventive measures to the problem hence finite element for the passive and active deformation of the levator ani muscle are presented in this case. Models of pelvic bones have been used, which has signaled the possible remedy for the problem. Nevertheless, the mention of pelvic problems and consequences of childbirth such as pelvic floor dysfunction must not scare women who intend to have a family. Naturally the fetus cannot damage the pelvic floor during childbirth because the movement of the fetus gives an allowance as it rotates and the head stretches or extends upon arrival in the vaginal introitus. The Finite element (FE) was first introduced in 1972 and it is widely used nowadays in orthopaedic biomechanics for the micro-structural modeling of bones. The Finite Element works with a Computed Tomography but this technology exposes patients or the body to too much radiation which may be having adverse effects. However, scientific studies have introduced a new method for models of the femur and the pelvis from sparse Computed Tomography datasets. This method has the capability to take very complex geometrics using few elements which is the way forward to correct the problem. This is an advancement to solve the mystery of finding the right and standard measurement of the pelvic bones and the related muscles and tissues in different women because all women’s pelvic bones are different from one another. Even though the datasets may only have been restricted to the clinical interests but it is wise to introduce the structural information for the whole bone. The issue of radiation as been the bone of contention but with the advancement in technology it has been reduced drastically and accuracy in computations confirmed. But it has been noted that the more the reduced radiations the more deformities pass undetected especially if the pelvic bones which are delicate may be having minute fractures. Nevertheless, the efficiency has been ensured due to the discovery of the Finite Element in combination with the CT which has made it possible to handle a large number of datasets for examining the behavior of hip prosthesis. This discovery is very necessary because of the complexities associated with pelvic floor and all the surrounding muscles and tissues having connectivity properties with the bones next to it. Moreover, the comparison of datasets has been very accurate. A Shell Finite Element Model This is a model that can stimulate the pelvic floor. The main problem for many women is the pelvic floor dysfunction which causes disorders including urinary incontinence, faecal incontinence and others. This is true after studies revealed that 50 percent of women aged above 65 years experience the problem. Pelvic organ prolapse occurs extensively to young and energetic women of child bearing age. Through the functions and the behavior of the pelvic such as support to the pelvic organs, abdominal contents and the contractions respectively has propelled researchers to design models that resemble the pelvic bones for experimenting and analyzing pelvic movements in order to find a remedy for many suffering women. But it is not yet clear what causes this pelvic floor damage however there is a general believe that this damage is caused by damage to the connective tissues and muscles of the pelvic floor. The pelvic floor depends on other elements to function properly and these elements are the fascia, ligament and adjacent muscles. For surgeons to take corrective measures to the damaged pelvis floor they have to understand first what the main cause is and then reconstruct ligaments and the fascia. It is precedented that the future holds hope for the affected women because models have been made in a way to stimulate functions of the pelvic floor. Experiments are accompanied with calculations to ensure accuracy so as not to cause further damage during reconstruction. Moreover, extensive research has been directed to the contraction of the skeletal muscles which are of great importance. The research has been done using models and due to the advancement of technology, 3D will be a commendable simulation to demonstrate what really happens and what are the causes and cures.

Biography of Adolf Hitler, Leader of the Third Reich

Biography of Adolf Hitler, Leader of the Third Reich Adolf Hitler (1889–1945) was the leader of Germany during the Third Reich (1933–1945). He was the primary instigator of both the Second World War in Europe and the mass execution of millions of people deemed to be enemies, or inferior to the Aryan ideal. He rose from being a talentless painter to the dictator of Germany and, for a few months, emperor of much of Europe. His empire was crushed by an array of the worlds strongest nations; he killed himself before he could be tried and brought to justice. Fast Facts: Adolf Hitler Known For: Leading the German Nazi party and instigating World War IIBorn: April 20, 1889 in Braunau am Inn, AustriaParents: Alois Hitler and Klara PoelzlDied: April 30, 1945 in Berlin, GermanyEducation: Realschule in SteyrPublished Works: Mein KampfSpouse: Eva BraunNotable Quote: In starting and waging a war it is not right that matters but victory. Early Life Adolf Hitler was born in Braunau am Inn, Austria, on April 20, 1889 to Alois Hitler (who, as an illegitimate child, had previously used his mother’s name of Schickelgruber) and Klara Poelzl. A moody child, he grew hostile towards his father, especially once the latter had retired and the family had moved to the outskirts of Linz. Alois died in 1903 but left money to take care of the family. Adolf was close to his mother, who was highly indulgent of him, and he was deeply affected when she died in 1907. He left school at age 16 in 1905, intending to become a painter. Unfortunately for him, he wasnt a very good one. Vienna Hitler went to Vienna in 1907 where he applied to the Viennese Academy of Fine Arts but was twice turned down. This experience further embittered the increasingly angry Hitler. He returned to Vienna again when his mother died, living first with a more successful friend (Kubizek) and then moving from hostel to hostel as a lonely, vagabond figure. He recovered to make a living selling his art cheaply as a resident in a community Mens Home. During this period, Hitler appears to have developed the worldview that would characterize his whole life, and which centered on hatred for Jews and Marxists. Hitler was well-placed to be influenced by the demagogy of Karl Lueger, Vienna’s deeply anti-Semitic mayor and a man who used hate to help create a party of mass support. Hitler had previously been influenced by Schonerer, an Austrian politician against liberals, socialists, Catholics, and Jews. Vienna was also highly anti-Semitic; Hitlers hate was not unusual, it was simply part of the popular mindset. What Hitler went on to do was present these ideas more successfully than ever before. The First World War Hitler moved to Munich in 1913 and avoided Austrian military service in early 1914 by virtue of being unfit for service. However, when the First World War broke out in 1914, he joined the 16th Bavarian Infantry Regiment, serving throughout the war, mostly as a corporal after refusing promotion. He proved to be an able and brave soldier as a dispatch runner, winning the Iron Cross on two occasions (First and Second Class). He was also wounded twice, and four weeks before the war ended he suffered a gas attack that temporarily blinded and hospitalized him. It was there he learned of Germany’s surrender, which he took as a betrayal. He especially hated the Treaty of Versailles, which Germany had to sign after the war as part of the settlement. Hitler Enters Politics After WWI, Hitler became convinced he was destined to help Germany, but his first move was to stay in the army for as long as possible because it paid wages, and to do so, he went along with the socialists now in charge of Germany. He was soon able to turn the tables and drew the attention of army anti-socialists, who were setting up anti-revolutionary units. In 1919, working for an army unit, he was assigned to spy on a political party of roughly 40 idealists called the German Workers Party. Instead, he joined it, swiftly rose to a position of dominance (he was chairman by 1921), and renamed it the Socialist German Workers Party (NSDAP). He gave the party the Swastika as a symbol and organized a personal army of storm troopers (the SA or Brownshirts) and bodyguards of black-shirted men, the Schutzstaffel (SS), to attack opponents. He also discovered, and used, his powerful ability for public speaking. The Beer Hall Putsch In November 1923, Hitler organized Bavarian nationalists under a figurehead of General Ludendorff into a coup (or putsch). They declared their new government in a beer hall in Munich; a group of 3,000 marched through the streets, but they were met by police who opened fire, killing 16. Hitler was arrested in1924 and used his trial to spread his name and his ideas widely. He was sentenced to just five years in prison, a sentence often described as a sign of tacit agreement with his views. Hitler served only nine months in prison, during which he wrote Mein Kampf (My Struggle), a book outlining his theories on race, Germany, and Jews. It sold five million copies by 1939. Only then, in prison, did Hitler come to believe he was destined to be a leader. The man who thought he was paving the way for a German leader of genius now thought he was the genius who could take and use power. Politician After the Beer Hall Putsch, Hitler resolved to seek power through subverting the Weimar government system, and he carefully rebuilt the NSDAP, or Nazi, party, allying with future key figures like Goering and propaganda mastermind Goebbels. Over time, he expanded the party’s support, partly by exploiting the fears of socialists and partly by appealing to everyone who felt their economic livelihood threatened by the depression of the 1930s. Over time, he gained the interest of big business, the press, and the middle classes. Nazi votes jumped to 107 seats in the Reichstag in 1930. Its important to stress that Hitler wasnt a socialist. The Nazi party that he was molding was based on race, not the idea of socialism, but it took a good few years for Hitler to grow powerful enough to expel the socialists from the party. Hitler didnt take power in Germany overnight and took years for him to take full power of his party overnight. President and Fà ¼hrer In 1932, Hitler acquired German citizenship and ran for president, coming in second to von Hindenburg. Later that year, the Nazi party acquired 230 seats in the Reichstag, making them the largest party in Germany. At first, Hitler was refused the office of Chancellor by a president who distrusted him, and a continued snub might have seen Hitler cast out as his support failed. However, factional divisions at the top of government meant that, thanks to conservative politicians believing they could control Hitler, he was appointed chancellor of Germany on January 30, 1933. Hitler moved with great speed to isolate and expel opponents from power, shutting trade unions and removing communists, conservatives, and Jews. Later that year, Hitler perfectly exploited an act of arson on the Reichstag (which some believe the Nazis helped cause) to begin the creation of a totalitarian state, dominating the March 5 elections thanks to support from nationalist groups. Hitler soon took over the role of president when Hindenburg died and merged the role with that of chancellor to become fà ¼hrer (leader) of Germany. In Power Hitler continued to move with speed in radically changing Germany, consolidating power, locking up â€Å"enemies† in camps, bending culture to his will, rebuilding the army, and breaking the constraints of the Treaty of Versailles. He tried to change the social fabric of Germany by encouraging women to breed more and bringing in laws to secure racial purity; Jews were particularly targeted. Employment, high elsewhere in a time of depression, fell to zero in Germany. Hitler also made himself head of the army, smashed the power of his former brownshirt street warriors, and expunged the socialists fully from his party and his state. Nazism was the dominant ideology. Socialists were the first in the death camps. World War II and the Failure of the Third Reich Hitler believed he must make Germany great again through creating an empire and engineered territorial expansion, uniting with Austria in an Anschluss and dismembering Czechoslovakia. The rest of Europe was worried, but France and Britain were prepared to concede limited expansion with Germany, taking within it the German fringe. Hitler, however, wanted more. It was in September 1939, when German forces invaded Poland, that other nations took a stand and declared war. This was not unappealing to Hitler, who believed Germany should make itself great through war, and invasions in 1940 went well. Over the course of that year, France fell and the Third Reich expanded. However, his fatal mistake occurred in 1941 with the invasion of Russia, through which he wished to create lebensraum, or living room. After initial success, German forces were pushed back by Russia, and defeats in Africa and West Europe followed as Germany was slowly beaten. Death During the last years of the war, Hitler became gradually more paranoid and divorced from the world, retreating to a bunker. As armies approached Berlin from two directions, Hitler married his mistress Eva Braun and on April 30, 1945, he killed himself. The Soviets found his body soon after and spirited it away so it would never become a memorial. A piece remains in a Russian archive. Legacy Hitler will forever be remembered for starting the Second World War, the most costly conflict in world history, thanks to his desire to expand Germany’s borders through force. He will equally be remembered for his dreams of racial purity, which prompted him to order the execution of millions of people, perhaps as high as 11 million. Although every arm of German bureaucracy was turned to pursuing the executions, Hitler was the chief driving force. In the decades since Hitler’s death, many commentators have concluded that he must have been mentally ill and that, if he wasn’t when he started his rule, the pressures of his failed wars must have driven him mad. Given that he ordered genocide and ranted and raved, it is easy to see why people have come to this conclusion, but it’s important to state that there is no consensus among historians that he was insane, or what psychological problems he may have had. Sources â€Å"Adolf Hitler.† Biography.com, AE Networks Television, 14 Feb. 2019. Alan Bullock, Baron Bullock, et al. â€Å"Adolf Hitler.† Encyclopedia Britannica, Encyclopedia Britannica, Inc., 19 Dec. 2018.

African Traditional Religions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

African Traditional Religions - Essay Example This festival is celebrated in the honour and recognition of the power of women. However, this festival does not allow African women to perform dance in public spheres and demonstrate their influence; instead men most passionately perform masquerade dance with their wooden masks, and phony breasts and hips entailing costumes. The masquerade dance is supposed to support female spirit and their mystic attributes in African society. Simultaneously, it is believed to enhance communal accord between diverse tribes of Africa, the potential of survival as a tribe, and most importantly the aspect of fertility either in terms of land, cattle, or women. Yet, Gelede festival significantly portrays the influence and inevitable need of women in African society for the sake of progress and harmony (Ray, 79). Nevertheless, there is one region in Africa which actually allow women to wear wooden masks and dance in the Gelede festival and that is Mende. Mende has its own secret society which is known as Sande and its female members are the ones who wear Sowei and dance masquerade in open. These courageous women return from the dance wearing the Sowei mask, which is believed to entail many moral, spiritual and visual meanings of beauty in general and also qualities of Sande society as well. Every feature of the mask holds a different meaning and significant traits, like different carved hairstyles depict inner contentment of the person wearing it, small mouth depict the moral, religious and ethical values of women to avoid gossip and eventually small ears depict that women of strong character do not surrender to worldly allures of the heart and mind and ignore them by all means. Furthermore, if the wooden mask has an illustration of animal at the top of it, this representation can behold a lot of meanings either it is showing a connection between the dancer and an appreciable animal trait. Like speed, cleverness or fertility, or it shows the link of

Balanced Budget Controversies Republican vs Democrat Solutions Essay

Balanced Budget Controversies Republican vs Democrat Solutions - Essay Example Recent developments which have resulted from the effects of the Economic Recession have led to an increase in the controversy surrounding the amendment to include provisions of a balanced budget into the US constitution. The divide has been particularly pronounced between the Democrats and the Republicans. These debates while launched from allegedly economic perspectives have undertones of political policies which these parties are trying to protect. There are three main arguments in the balanced budget debate; the traditionalist approach; the Ricardian view; and the view that a balanced budget does not represent an accurate measurement of fiscal policy. The traditionalist view argues that budget deficits at present will lead to a weakening of the economy in future lading to lower investment, higher domestic interest rates which affect exports and ultimately a reduction in longer term economic growth. The Ricardian perspective takes a trade in perspective on the balanced budget issue . The logic of the Ricardian view is that budget deficits today represent higher future taxes. The perspective assumes that since citizens acknowledge future higher taxes they adjust their savings and spending accordingly leading to little effect on long term growth. The third position believes that while the government may influence spending saving and investment, the effect of the budget deficit is not the only measure of the fiscal policy effect on these variables (Joyce 122). While the two main sides in the debate accrue to the various fiscal debates, the truth is more rooted in political considerations. Both the two parties are interested in winning over or retaining their voting districts through the offering of tax breaks, and incentives. The issue of the budget deficit has different interpretations by think tanks and political Parties. The Republican Party is the most vocal in calling for an amendment that would put forth a constitutional cap on federal spending in order to match expenditure. The suggested amendment put forth by the Republicans is to restrict government expenditure to 18% of income (Jansson 268). The view of the Republican Party takes the traditionalist view in assuming that higher taxes have a negative effect on longer term economic growth by reducing national savings, investment and exports. The main thrust of the Republican Party argument is mainly on the effect of the increase of a budget deficit on future generations. The thrust of the argument is that since a budget deficit reduces investment, it results to a decrease in future productivity impacting long term economic growth (Joyce 139-141). Republicans are thus for the scaling down of social programs or their total abolition as they deem them unnecessary burdens on the economy. The Democratic Party on the other hand adopts both the Ricardian and fringe approaches regarding a balanced budget. The argument of the Democratic Party is that citizens acknowledge the effects of a budg et deficit and hence save and spend accordingly. The Democratic Party also does not believe that the budget deficit is the only variable in fiscal policy outcomes. The Democrats are for cuts in the budget which are distributed over a span of ten years as opposed to the fixed cap (Jansson, 21-219). The perspective believes in the crowding in effect whereby the expenditure by government leads to output demand leading to capital investment. While the Republicans argue that

Works Cited Accomando Essay Example for Free

Works Cited Accomando Essay The antislavery campaign in the United States resulted in the emergence of the middle-class feminist movement. However, the latter did not include African-American women or white women of lower economic classes. The objectives of middle-class feminists were suffrage and social recognition for upper-class white women. Black women, on the other hand, first sought to be recognized as women. Already equal to African-American men socially within the slave community and in terms of the oppression they both suffered, African-American women challenged the institution of slavery and resisted sexual assaults of white men (Scott, n. pag. ). The lives of black female slaves proved to be harder than those of their male counterparts. Black female slaves were exploited for both their reproductive and productive capacities. Apart from performing strenuous manual labor and enduring abject living conditions, they were expected to replenish the slave population through pregnancy and childbirth. Furthermore, black female slaves experienced sexism and sexual abuse from their masters (Mankiller, 543). But the worst form of mistreatment that female African-American slaves received from their owners was probably the stereotype of the promiscuous black woman. In slavery-era America, white women were regarded as the models of self-control, self-respect, sexual purity and modesty. Black women, meanwhile, were often dismissed as innately licentious and desired sexual relations with white men. This misconception was used as a justification for the rape of female African-American slaves by their owners (Mankiller, 543). The labeling of black women as immoral has partial historical basis. Slaves were sold naked in order to show that they were healthy, capable of reproduction and docile (as seen through their whipping scars). Slaves likewise worked wearing scant clothing – black female slaves often worked with their dresses lifted up around their hips to prevent the hems from being stained with the water, dirt and mud in which they worked. In sharp contrast, whites, especially white women, were dressed in layers of clothing (Mankiller, 543). As a result, black women were initially excluded from the nineteenth-century women’s rights movement. Feminists during this era believed that black women should not be considered as women because they did not conform to the prevailing images of feminine virtue. Most black abolitionist women interpreted this philosophy as a means for feminists to have more time to pursue their cause. A feminist, after all, will no longer have the time to rail about gender inequality if she has to cook, clean her house or tend to her family’s farm – chores that are traditionally assigned to female African-American slaves (Dixon, 50). Sojourner Truth, an illiterate former slave, was one of those who insisted that black women have rights as well. An abolitionist and a champion of women’s rights in the nineteenth century, she opposed the nineteenth-century’s assumptions about womanhood. For Truth, women’s rights must apply to all women regardless of race. In her speech Aren’t I a Woman (1851), she used her body to further elaborate on these points. By detailing the difficult tasks that she performed unassisted as a slave, as well as the grief that she encountered when all of her 13 children were sold off to slavery, she argued that black women are also women. They are also oppressed like white women, but only on a worse level (Ritchie and Ronald, 144). Truth also challenged the traditional but overly-simplistic feminist analogies between marriage and slavery and between white wife and black slave. Truth argued that black and white women must use motherhood as a unifying factor in their struggle for gender equality. They will produce another generation of marginalized and exploited women if they allow race to prevent them from joining forces in order to attain their common goal (Accomando, 67). Black women are also women. The only reason they were not considered as such was because of the institution of slavery, which considered them as culturally stunted and morally loose. Thus, black women are entitled to the same rights that white women enjoy. Both of them suffered immensely in a patriarchal society. In fact, black women suffered more. Works Cited Accomando, Christina. â€Å"Demanding a Voice among the Pettifoggers: Sojourner Truth as Legal Actor. † MELUS 2003: 28. JSTOR. University of Arizona Library. 20 September 2008 http://www. jstor. org/stable/3595246. Dixon, Chris. Perfecting the Family: Antislavery Marriages in Nineteenth-Century America. Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1997. Mankiller, Wilma Pearl. ed. The Reader’s Companion to US Women’s History. New York: Houghton Mifflin Books, 1999. Ritchie, Joy S. and Kate Ronald. Available Means: An Anthology of Women’s Rhetoric. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 2001. Scott, Eryn. â€Å"Differences and Intersections between Feminism in Africa and Feminism in the United States. † 18 November 1997. Columbia University. 20 September 2008 http://www. columbia. edu/cu/sister/Differences. html.

Eye of the beholder :: essays research papers

?Beauty is in the eye of the beholder? is one of the most commonly known proverbs. In the Twilight Zone?s short film, ?Eye of the Beholder? that same proverb is used as a metaphor to demonstrate how beauty and acceptance are illustrated in the real world. The film tells the story of a woman whose hideously deformed face has made her an outcast all of her life. Now she faces her nearly a dozen and final operation for a last chance to look normal with the help of unseen surgeons. First, in the ?Eye of the Beholder? we see the bandaged woman?s craving for normality. She is constantly haunted by the memory of a child screaming because of her physical deformed appearance. We are also reminded that those who look ?different? will be sent of to an isolated place with others of the same ?disability.? With that being said a sense of Nazism idealistic society comes to mind. For example, the Nazi?s sent those who looks different than the normal beautiful blued eyed, blond Germans, to a concentration camp. Moreover, the woman in the ?eye of the Beholder? not only wanted beauty but she felt the need for acceptance. She was denied this when she was taken to a disability camp. It?s amazing how in the movie, people were separated and treated unequally because of their physical appearances, and as result, they could not share the same society. This is in fact is a metaphor for how discrimination was once in extreme existence in this society. For example, African Americans once had to use: different bathrooms, water fountains, and were even segregated to non-white school. They were even isolated to the worse parts of the cities. In conclusion, in the Twilight Zone?s short film, ?Eye of the Beholder? the themes of beauty and acceptance are used as a metaphor for the

Innovation of Apple

MBA A Case Study on â€Å"Innovation on Apple† Course Code : MBA Cohort 22 Lecturer : Mr. D. L. Allen Student Name : Wong Man Pan Student ID : Submission Date : 18 July, 2012 No of words :3,092 1. Executive summary This article contains four main sections; in the first section, the characteristics of innovation Company are defined, mainly the ideas which follow Barry, John and Richard, 2011 and the overview of Apple Inc innovation would be evaluated based on the factors found. In the second section, the affecting factors in management (Amabile, 1998 ) and climate (Ekvall, 1996) based on Apple Inc would be discussed.Hence, two innovative companies such as HP and 3M performance would also be brought out . These three companies would be identified according to the three strategies suggested by Barry, John and Richard, 2011. Moreover, four actions framework from Kim and Mauborgne, 2005 would be analyzed with respect to one application from Apple — â€Å"Siri†. Finall y, recommendation would be made for future development and challenge especially since the key man [Steve Jobs] passed away in 2011. 2. Content 1. Executive summary2 2. Content2 3. Introduction3 4.Five elements of innovative company – Apple Inc5 5. Creativity7 6. Managerial practices and organization climate for creativity7 7. â€Å"Siri† Four Actions Framework11 8. Conclusion and recommendation12 9. Reference14 3. Introduction Among the enterprises pursue innovation, Apple Inc is recognized as the most successful case. In 2011, Barry, John and Richard, 2011 conducted the survey and concluded that Apple Inc is the most innovative companies worldwide and the Exxon Mobil Corporation has been replaced by Apple as the most valuable company in the U.S by market capitalization. Always there is a misconception for most people, as heavy investment is the fundamental requirement to be the most innovative company. However it was found that Apple spend only around 2. 7% of revenue annually on R&D, comparing with Microsoft whom spend 14% of revenue, there is a big gap. It implies that the findings from Barry, John and Richard, 2011- spending more on R&D does not necessary drive results, the most crucial factors are strategic alignment and cultural influences that support innovation.Therefore, this article mainly focuses on managerial practices, such as organizational and environmental support, rather than how the investment was allocated. In the article of Barry, John and Richard, 2011, the innovative organization should focus on innovative strategy, effective overall business strategy, deep customer insight, great talent and the right set of capabilities to achieve successful execution, all of these factors are critical when identify the way of Apple Inc in performing innovation.Simultaneously, creativity is the inspiration of organization and it is easily affected by management and cultures. Two more innovative companies would be analyzed based on Amabile, 1998 and Ekvall, 1996, Apple would be defined as need seekers and technology drives based on Barry, John and Richard, 2011. Innovation would be resulted as strong identification with customer experiences and passion for products; this would drive the products with superior performance and quality.After the management and culture of Apple Inc is analyzed, one product – Siri would be taken into account to show the result of innovation based on the four actions framework suggested by Kim and Mauborgne, 2005. Although Apple Inc stands for the top innovative company, it is essential to review the strategy and make change especially when top management is altered. 4. Five elements of innovative company – Apple Inc In the article of Barry, John and Richard, 2011, it is clear that innovation is not determined by the amount on R&D spending, the most vital factors are strategic alignment and cultures which support innovation.In this section, five elements issued by Barry, John a nd Richard, 2011 would be studied. Focused innovation strategy of Apple would be started from the key element in Apple’s approach to innovation (Walter, 2011), focus on where you think you can make a significant contribution recognized and it was further confirmed by Steve Jobs when he returned to Apple in 1997, Steve cut the unnecessary product line, minimized the number of developing products from 15 to 4.At that moment, only one or two new products were limited to launch into the market annually, it attempted to obtain the team power to concentrate on specific products development. Besides Apple Inc which only heavenly focuses on design and development, all the component and product assembly are outsourced, where it needs to share the profit with the supplier and the vendor, but Apple inevitably takes the largest portion.Effective overall business strategy is the combination of effective resources allocation and business model, Apple Inc, not like other electronic device c ompanies, it is the pioneer to perform value chain integration. In the figure of Apple, 2011, it showed that only 40% of revenue is generated from the consumer electronic products like iphone and ipad, the large portion are generated from the Apps store and advertising agent. This means that the business model is no longer relied on buy-off product; it keeps the financial stability by ongoing sales from Apps store and advertising agent platform.The crucial point for Apple is that they do not need to invest tremendously on platform development as they are run by users and new apps are not developed by Apple itself but it shares the profit. This overall strategy is effective and sustainable to the whole group. Deep customer insight is defined as customer relationship quality, in other words, it is determined by products and services where customer orientated. One of the innovation strategies from Apple was customer eccentric; end users can not realize the needs until the products of A pple launched.The structure of the products chain is constructed by end users plus application, users get the electronic hardware from Apple which allows them to share and personalize their software of products through the Apps store and iTunes, and this also helps the group to diversify the income base. Moreover through the breakthrough of mp3 and Discman player, it is easy to observe that Apple products like ipod and iphone, the feature is user friendly, such as users are easily to find the particular song within a minute among 1,000 stored file.Furthermore, looking at the environment Apple store, it successfully created a fairly comfortable atmosphere for customers, where a number of well trained staff would solve whatever problems from the products and always equipped with well manners and technical support. Great talent in Apple Inc could be said to be influenced by the company key man – Steve Jobs, it is the dedicated person who make Apple as an icon of innovation. Acco rding to Purkayastha and Syeda Qumer, 2011, most of the decisions of product development came from Steve.Also he inspired every staff in Apple to design and develop the products by thinking differently and create an environment in which the people working in Apple would believe that they are better than the rest (Purkayastha and Syeda Qumer, 2011). In recruiting staff, Steve put a large effort and resources on selecting the most outstanding talent on hardware, software, design and management. In the mind set of Steve Jobs, he believed that hire people who want to make the best things in the world and innovation comes from passionate, dedicated people.Indeed, there is no specific R&D team in Apple Inc, all the development is based on objective orientation, featuring the right person and forming the team. The right set of capabilities to achieve successful execution, although there is no variety product from Apple, but it provides a total package to the customer. Apple has all self ow ned necessaries in the execution which is included but not limited to electronic device, operation system development (iOS) and itunes platform with alliance with media company and apps developer, Apple does not need to rely on another company on the operations. . Creativity The presence of both individual and organizational creativity mechanisms led to the highest level of innovation performance (Sundar and Anil, 2000), it is essential to investigate the creativity in Apple, there are three components of creativity suggested by Amabile, 1998, they are expertise, creativity thinking skills and motivation. (i) Expertise means every professional knowledge that people acquired and perform in the duties.Information technologies is the main core of Apple, hire people who want to make the best things in the world is one of the key elements in Apple approach mentioned at Walter, 2011, it implied that there are many experts in Apple. Apart from I. T and design area, Apple also provides corp orate service to different industries; the team of consultant is required to have a variety of industries knowledge in order to offer the total consultative solution in different area to different types of customer. ii) Creativity thinking skills are defined as the flexibility and imagination of people to solve the problems, many Apple products are originated from another companies, like ipod, the idea was come from Tony Fadell (Ping and Yuan-hong, 2012), after the modification of design with creativity thinking skills, the outcomes equipped the pocket size devices would be store 1,000 songs and quick search function that is far advance than other type mp3 players. (iii) Motivation  drives people to behave actively toward a desired goal and initiates, controls, and sustains certain goal.Apple  attracts and retains employees in part owing to the benefits, or expected and non-performance related incentives, it offers, such as product discounts or insurances, executives are rewarde d by giving them a recognition bonus of 3 to 5 percent of their base salary. 6. Managerial practices and organization climate for creativity In Barry, John and Richard, 2011 findings – spending more on R&D won’t drive results; the most crucial factors are strategic alignment and a culture.Inevitably, managerial practices affect creativity of whole organization, per Amabile, 1998 suggested that six general categories are challenge, freedom, resources, work-group features, supervisory encouragement and organization support. Apple Inc would be analyzed together with two more innovative companies in order to obtain a better understanding on the way management of Apple encourage and develop innovation within the organization comparing with another innovative companies. | Apple Inc| HP| 3M|Challenge| Apple followed 10:3:1 approach, 10 entirely different mock up of the new design is required to provide by designer, only three designs would be selected, then engineer would wor k on the designs before the final stage. Although the process is harsh and consuming, Steve Jobs would drop all the finished concepts at very last minutes. | Researchers are not limited to work in R&D area; they can work across the different team and department on variety of projects like engineering and marketing team. Under the performance rating system, the salaries of individuals are determined by comparing with their peers performance. Salaries and promotions are tied to the product’s progress, for any new product, when the sales grow to USD5M, the product’s originator becomes a project manager, at USD20-30, a department manager, in USD75M range, division manager. 25% rules introduced: A quarter of division’s sales come from the products introduced within the past five years. | Freedom| There is no restriction in the brain storm meeting, team member of development team is free to express their creativity then pass the proposal for further investigate on the feasibility and effectiveness. The management philosophy of HP is mutual trust and respect for individuals, everyone can make decisions on almost everything idea which related to their research work. Staffs in HP lab have flexible working hours. | Staffs in 3M tend to be self-policing. There is no restriction for the staff moving from one business to another. | Resources| | Diversity network associations offer employees an opportunity to engage in professional support and networking activities. | HP invest a lot on its R&D section and put R&D as the centre of business.The resources are come from HP Labs Bristol and their big partner like UK government. It provides advanced office building and world class facilities for research staff to perform their technological work. The researcher would grant special research funds to set up new projects | USD 50,000 would be granted for the project pass the idea stage, a panel of technical experts and scientists awards as many as 90 grants eac h year. | Work-group features| Apple worked on the concept of informal corporate culture flat organizational structure is established.No matter the job post is high or low, they share the same open spaces for creativity. | HP lab consists of many small units, individuals take responsibilities and work together as a team. The lab operates a flat organizational hierarchy, only three layers of management, scientist, manager and director. | Every division are kept small, on average about USD200M in sales| Supervisory encouragement| Management in Apple especially Steve Jobs created an environment in which employees were encouraged to believe that they are better than the others.The employee also would gain the benefits in the coaching and mentoring arrangement. | With the trust and respect philosophy, the staffs do not have much interference from management and only simple regulations in the HP lab. Senior researcher would be assigned as a mentor for the new comers. Supervisor is easily be found in HP lab as they would participate in the regular coffee meeting and spending leisure time with researcher to get more idea on the on going activities. Tolerance of mistakes and all technical staff at coporate labs dedicate about 15% of their efforts toward learning and training programs in areas outside their responsibilities. | Organization support| Developmental program in Apple Inc is included 16structured on-the-job training. | Workshops and training program is opened for everyone. Renowned experts would be invited in regular public lecture and give talks to the staff. Recognized award in form of financial rewards would be encouraged to the staff that make particular contributions to the innovation, even the output is not suitable for commercialization would still be patented. 15% rule allows anyone in 3M to spend up to 15% of work week on anything they wants, as long as it is product related. Small meeting rooms allows a small group of staff from different divisions even customer to exchange ideas. | These six elements are similar to what Ekvall, 1996 suggested organization climate for creativity and innovation, and it plays an impact variable which interferes the results of organization operations.Based on the three strategies suggested by Barry, John and Richard, 2011, need seekers, market readers and technology drivers and then comparing with three innovative companies analyzed, it is induced that Apple Inc strategy is belonged to need seekers, with respect to the pioneer concept and ideas like itunes, apps store and siri, it satisfy the characteristic of shaping new products/services and being a leader to the market. At the same time, the technological capabilities allows them to have the whole product integration, range from operating system iOS to hardware, it would be also defined as technology driver.In reviewing 3M innovation and new concept is come from customer and market needs with incremental change to the products and being the fa st followers in the market place, so 3M takes the market readers strategy. Finally with the advanced laboratory support and customer orientated, HP would be recognized as market readers and technology drivers. 7. â€Å"Siri† Four Actions Framework Creativity is easily found on every Apple’s product, the innovation involvement on one of the latest products â€Å"Siri† would be investigated based on the Kim and Mauborgne, 2005.Four actions framework suggested by Kim and Mauborgne, 2005 included (i) reducing factors which below the industry’s standard; by applying voice recognized analysis technology in Siri, it simplifies the end user key in process and reduce the hardware and software application. (ii) Creating the products that the industry has never offered; Siri offers accurate result through â€Å"Voice to result† to end users which is the pioneer to the market. (iii) Raising the factors above the industry’s standard; Siri allows users do not have any knowledge on computing which enhance the number of users from any background. iv) Eliminating the items that industry takes for granted, by applying â€Å"Siri†, keyboard, mouse and even touch screen would be eliminated. 8. Conclusion and recommendation According to the analytical result of the five elements on innovative company, managerial practices and four action framework on both Apple Inc and its product, it is identified that strategies of Apple Inc are need seekers and technology drivers, the products including but not limited to â€Å"Siri† totally reflect the result from individual and organizational creativity.There are many people worried about Apple future as the matter of fact that the key person [Steve Jobs] has resigned and pass away in 2010, although there is no immediately impact as innovation plan is normally lasted for 5-10 years, it is difficult to replace [Steve] who acted as spiritual leader and final decision makers in short period of time. It would be a golden chance for the company to readjust the policy especially on the decision making; the decision power would be distributed to different project leader by absorbing more idea from the staff and redefining the standpoint.It would enhance the freedom in the whole organization and it is easily recognized the importance of freedom to the effect of creativity from the analysis of HP and 3M. No doubt, [Steve] is a symbol of Apple Inc, he was not only CEO, and he was also a new product pitchman. Now when Steve was passed away, people included investor and consumer would unilaterally associate the innovation and advanced technologies are all gone simultaneously, the confidential level of Apple’s products would be dropped.To put a stop, it would be grateful that the message of team spirit and performance be demonstrated to the public by putting focus on how individual and team affecting the result. The new product presentation should be introduced in form o f team which allows the public forget the past image of Apple but it is important that keeping the spirit of [Steve] eternally in form of brand image in order to consolidate the cohesion internally and externally.It is truly believed that Apple Inc is the most successful innovation company throughout the investigation base on theories suggested by Barry, John and Richard, 2011, Amabile, 1998, Ekvall, 1996, Kim and Mauborgne, 2005 and Sundar and Anil, 2000. Inevitably Apple Inc would face a great challenge as the change is necessary with the top management movement, with the best wishes on smooth passing the transitional period and sustaining the long established innovative image. 9. Reference 1. Barry, John and Richard, 2011: Barry,J, John,L and Richard,H. 2011, The global innovation 1000 why culture is key.New York: Booz & Company Inc. 2. Amabile, 1998: Amabile, TM. 1998, How to kill creativity, Harvard business review. 76(5), pp. 77 – 87 3. Ekvall, 1996: Ekvall, J. 1996, Or ganization climate for creativity and innovation. European journal of work and organizational psychology. 5(1), pp. 105-123 4. Kim and Mauborgne, 2005: Kim, W. C and Mauborgne,R. 2005, Blue ocean strategy. Boston, Massachusetts: Harvard business school press. 5. Walter, 2011: Walter, I. 2011, Steve Jobs. New York: Simon & Schuster. 6. Ping and Yuan-hong, 2012: Ping,C and Yuan-Hong,L. 012, Comparison on innovation of high-tech corporation, Technoeconomics & management research. 292(5), pp50-54 7. Purkayastha and Syeda Qumer, 2011: Purkayastha,D and Syeda Qumer, M. 2011, Innovation at Apple, India: IBS Center for management research. 8. Apple, 2011: Annual report 2010-2011. California: Apple Inc. 9. Sundar and Anil, 2000: Sundar, B and Anil, M. 2000, Making Innovation Happen in Organizations: Individual Creativity Mechanisms, Organizational Creativity Mechanisms or Both? , Journal of product innovation management. 17(6), pp424-434

The Challenging of Institutions Within the Art World

TERM 1 WEEK 5 The challenging of institutions within the art world â€Å"Artworks are designed to challenge institutions and test the limits of tolerance,† (John A Walker) as they challenge the historical context of traditional institutions, such as conventions, government and religious views, by viewing works. Through the post-modern frame (examining how artists and artworks challenge traditional bounds and rules, and conventions in art including concepts of originality and authenticity), artists in contemporary societies have started to use non-conventional, appropriated techniques to create new meaning within their works- shocking audiences and challenging institutional tolerance, ‘limits of tolerance’ (John A Walker) often being assessed through audiences reaction, censorship and the banning of exhibitions. The Sensation Exhibition is a collection by Charles Saatchi opened in 1997 to attempt to define a generation of artists, shocking the world with their controversial themes and medias. Three works within this exhibition that challenge the institution and tested the boundaries of their tolerance were The Holy Virgin Mary (1996) by Chris Ofili which explores the hypocrisy of Catholicism, The Physical Impossibility of Death in the Mind of Something Living (1991) by Damien Hirst which deals with the cycle of life and death and My Bed (1999) by Tracey Emin which explores the most brutal times in Emin’s life. Each of these works tests the boundaries of tolerance for institutional galleries, religion, society and morality, challenging and confronting the way they are viewed within each institution. The Sensation Exhibition, lead to an up roar by members of society, including aspects of the art world Chris Ofili’s, The Holy Virgin Mary was a leading cause of controversy in the Sensation Exhibition due to the potent mixture of themes such as purity, pornography and excrement. On two lumps of dried, varnished elephant dung, sits Ofili’s work of an African American Madonna, covered in Renaissance styled drapery. The Holy Virgin Mary appropriates and recontextulizes the traditional Virgin Mary, not only by this but, by juxtaposing the pure, innocence of cherubs and substituting not only their physicality on the canvas but also their meaning with photographs of female genitalia. Ofili’s work plays with the idea that women should bear full chastity but also embarrass her sexuality within, highlighting the hypocrisy of Catholicism. The Holy Virgin Mary challenges the Catholic Church as an institution through the recontextulization of the Virgin Mary- a pure and sacred symbol in Catholicism. How individual views each work within each gallery institution is different. â€Å"You don’t have the right to a government subsidy for desecrating someone’s religion. † (Rudolph Giuliani- Mayor of New York) The Holy Virgin Mary provoked the anger of Giuliani, not only outraged because of the pornographic elements of the artwork but also its painting surface and support on elephant dung. For Guliani, this work was interpreted as an insulting and blasphemous attack on the holy status of the Virgin Mary. While Giuliani sees the work as disrespect to religion, Ofili himself sees the piece as a work of beauty, the elephant dung highlighting the natural phenomenon of life, another entity of purity within itself. Through Ofili’s work, religion has become a reoccurring subject of art, not because of any religious beliefs held by the artist himself, but to show the result of change in society, including religions place therein. Society has been conditioned by institutions to behave in a contemplative, reflective manner when viewing museum works. Every individual views a work differently, thus challenging the limits of not only an individual’s tolerance but also an institution as a whole through the general publics expression and reflection on a work. Damien Hirst’s The Physical Impossibility in the Mind of Something Living explores the confronting idea of death in a hypocritical light. Hirst’s use of the physical form of a dead shark, which is known as a symbol of death and fear is very confronting. The public viewing this work may question these stereotypical ideas associated with this animal whilst being able to stare it directly in the face, in all its silence and serenity. The use of formaldehyde to preserve the external remains of the dead shark makes the audience think about the internal happenings of not only the shark but also themselves, as an individual and what happens in your mind when you are physically dead. Damien Hirst’s quest to be edgy is as boring as it is callous. It does not matter whether Hirst killed the animals himself or sat by while thousands of them were massacred for his own unjustifiable amusement. Sharks are a part of nature and should be aloud to live in the wild instead of destroyed for something predictable and unimaginative. † (Same Glover, PETA) The reaction of PETA (People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals) towards Hirst’s was that he was barbaric and cruel, not recognising Hirst’s works as art. Presented in a gallery space, with the subject matter and materials used, suspended within a glass tank is an unconventional art form in itself- also contributing to the tolerance and challenging of the gallery institution and the public as an institution. This reaction, â€Å"In keeping with the piece's title, the shark is simultaneously life and death incarnate in a way you don't quite grasp until you see it, suspended and silent, in its tank. It gives the innately demonic urge to live a demonic, deathlike form. (New York Times 2007) This extract emphasises the effect this piece has on the audience when seen up close and personal in the actual gallery space, thus testing the limits of audience and gallery tolerance and challenging the space it exhibits in. Art within an institution is used to influence the public’s attitude and beliefs or, in some cases, relate to a smaller group who have gone through the similar experiences in life. â€Å"It was as if it was no longer the task to produce masterpieces, but to use the making and showing of art in the service of some more socially urgent endeavour†. Arthur Danto) Tracey Emin’s, My Bed does exactly this. My Bed explores an individual’s issue of identity, sexuality and morality in a brutally honest way through the contemplation of suicide. Emin’s work confronts an audience by letting you into her world to explore the toughest yet greatest times in her life. This subject is much more fragile than Hirst’s and Ofili’s work as it makes the connection between a personal hardship in Emin’s life rather than the fear of death felt in Hirst’s work or the traditional vs. modern exploration created by Ofili. By putting something, so personal such as a bed on display in a gallery setting- the traditional design of the institution as a place for a ‘masterpiece’ has been challenged through the raw and honestly confrontation of Emin’s work. â€Å"Emin brings life in things taken from the real world — into the art gallery and leaves it there, more or less unchanged† (The Telegraph) This statement supports Emin’s connection to individuals who go through depression and contemplation of suicide through the raw, untouched entities of her bedroom, exaggerating the self-absorption and self-pity felt in an isolated room full of negative, undermining houghts. Through placing such an intimate entity in a gallery space and making it her own room, Emin challenges the gallery as an institution by making it a more personalized experience for not only the people who have gone through this hardship, but everyone by placing something so uncanny in a public gallery, bl urring the line between private and public externalisation. â€Å"Artworks are designed to challenge institutions and test the limits of tolerance,† by attempting to define a generation of artists and their diverse and controversial artistic visions. Through different medias, attributing to their post modernistic conventions, The Holy Virgin Mary by Chris Ofili, The Physical Impossibility of Death in the Mind of Something Living by Damien Hirst and My Bed by Tracey Emin all challenge and test the boundaries of tolerance for institutional galleries, religion, society and mortality. Each work explores the recontextulization of gallery spaces through the historical context by redefining an institution as a place that challenges history rather than upholds the traditional design of conventional, ‘classical’ art. Institutions such as PETA, religion, governments and the public, have all been challenged by artworks, thus redefining institutions and being designed to test their limitations. Bibliography: 27/2/13, retrieved from the world wide web, Sensation Saatchi Collection, Records of the Department of Public Information, https://www. brooklynmuseum.

Aaron Copeland essays

Aaron Copeland essays An Abb, honorary canon of Albano, a sincere mystic and at the same time one of historys most publicized lovers, incredible showman, hypnotic virtuoso, astonishing amalgam of magician, zealot and philanthropist, Liszt is easily the most colorful personality in the history of music (Lieberson 256.) From his dazzling beginning in the musical circles of Vienna as a child prodigy of eleven years old, Ferenc (Franz) Liszt would establish himself as the leading piano virtuoso and one of the foremost progressive forces in music of his day. Franz Liszt was born in Raiding, Hungary (now part of Austria) about thirty miles from Vienna, Austria (Longyear 105.) His Father was steward to the family of Esterhazy and a good amateur musician; consequently, he was also Liszts first piano teacher. Young Liszts extraordinary abilities were recognized without delay and he was soon taken to Vienna to study piano under Czerny and composition under Salieri (the former teacher of Schubert, an acquaintance of Liszts.) His phenomenal aptitude for the piano at the age of eleven was greeted with a kiss from Beethoven, and praised endlessly by the musical circles of the day. In 1823, Liszt went to Paris, where he studied music theory and composition (Politoske 1.) The French immediately recognized him as a brilliant performer with an almost uncanny ability to improvise on the keyboard. He had once wanted to become a priest, but inspired by the success of Niccolo Paganini, he then worked to become as much a master of the piano as Paganin i was of the violin. Soon he became in touch and at home with Parisian culture, fully immersing himself in the society, literature, and art with friends such as writers Hugo, Lamartine, George Sand, Sainte-Beuve and painters like Delacroix. He also met the Countess Marie d'Agoult, the writer known as Daniel Stern, who was his mistress from 1835 until 1844 and the mother of his daugh...

Karl Doenitz - Bio of World War II German Naval Commander

Karl Doenitz - Bio of World War II German Naval Commander The son of Emil and Anna Doenitz, Karl Doenitz was born at Berlin on September 16, 1891. Following his education, he enlisted as a sea cadet in the Kaiserliche Marine (Imperial German Navy) April 4, 1910, and was promoted to midshipman a year later. A gifted officer, he completed his exams and was commissioned as an acting second lieutenant on September 23, 1913. Assigned to the light cruiser SMS Breslau, Doenitz saw service in the Mediterranean in the years prior to World War I. The ships assignment was due to Germanys desire to have a presence in the region following the Balkan Wars. World War I With the commencement of hostilities in August 1914, Breslau and the battlecruiser SMS Goeben were ordered to attack Allied shipping. Prevented from doing so by French and British warships, the German vessels, under the command of Rear Admiral Wilhelm Anton Souchon, bombarded the French Algerian ports of Bà ´ne and Philippeville before turning for Messina to re-coal. Departing port, the German ships were chased across the Mediterranean by Allied forces. Entering the Dardanelles on August 10, both ships were transferred to the Ottoman Navy, however their German crews remained aboard. Over the next two years, Doenitz served aboard as the cruiser, now know as  Midilli, operated against the Russians in the Black Sea. Promoted to first lieutenant in March 1916, he was placed in command of an airfield at the Dardanelles. Bored in this assignment, he requested a transfer to the submarine service which was granted that October. U-boats Assigned as a watch officer aboard U-39, Doenitz learned his new trade before receiving command of UC-25 in February 1918. That September, Doenitz returned to the Mediterranean as commander of UB-68. A month into his new command, Doenitzs u-boat suffered mechanical issues and was attacked and sunk by British warships near Malta. Escaping, he was rescued and became a prisoner for the wars final months. Taken to Britain, Doenitz was held in a camp near Sheffield. Repatriated in July 1919, he returned to Germany the following year and sought to resume his naval career. Entering the Weimar Republics navy, he was made a lieutenant on January 21, 1921. Interwar Years Shifting to torpedo boats, Doenitz progressed through the ranks and was promoted to lieutenant commander in 1928. Made a commander five years later, Doenitz was placed in command of the cruiser Emden. A training ship for naval cadets, Emden conducted annual world cruises. Following the re-introduction of u-boats to the German fleet, Doenitz was promoted to captain and given command of the 1st U-boat Flotilla in September 1935 which consisted of U-7, U-8, and U-9. Though initially concerned about the capabilities of early British sonar systems, such as ASDIC, Doenitz became a leading advocate for submarine warfare. New Strategies and Tactics In 1937, Doenitz began to resist the naval thinking of the time which was based on the fleet theories of American theorist Alfred Thayer Mahan. Rather than employ submarines in support of the battle fleet, he advocated for using them in a purely commerce raiding role. As such, Doenitz lobbied to convert the entire German fleet to submarines as he believed that a campaign dedicated to sinking merchant ships could quickly knock Britain out of any future wars. Re-introducing the group hunting, wolf pack tactics of World War I as well as calling for night, surface attacks on convoys, Doenitz believed that advances in radio and cryptography would make these methods more effective than in the past. He relentlessly trained his crews knowing that u-boats would be Germanys principal naval weapon in any future conflict. His views frequently brought him into conflict with other German naval leaders, such as Admiral Erich Raeder, who believed in the expansion of the Kriegsmarines surface fleet. World War II Begins Promoted to commodore and given command of all German u-boats on January 28, 1939, Doenitz began to prepare for war as tensions with Britain and France increased. With the outbreak of World War II that September, Doenitz possessed only 57 u-boats, only 22 of which were modern Type VIIs. Prevented from fully launching his commerce raiding campaign by Raeder and Hitler, who desired attacks against the Royal Navy, Doenitz was forced to comply. While his submarines scored successes in sinking the carrier HMS Courageous and the battleships HMS Royal Oak and HMS Barham, as well as damaging the battleship HMS Nelson, losses were incurred as naval targets were more heavily defended. These further reduced his already small fleet. Battle of the Atlantic Promoted to rear admiral on October 1, his u-boats continued attacks on British naval and merchant targets. Made a vice admiral in September 1940, Doenitzs fleet began to expand with the arrival of larger numbers of Type VIIs. Focusing his efforts against merchant traffic, his u-boats began to damage the British economy. Coordinating u-boats by radio using encoded messages, Doenitzs crews sank increasing amounts of Allied tonnage. With the entry of the United States into the war in December 1941, he commenced Operation Drumbeat which targeted Allied shipping off the East Coast. Beginning with only nine u-boats, the operation scored several successes and exposed the US Navys unpreparedness for anti-submarine warfare. Through 1942, as more u-boats joined the fleet, Doenitz was able to fully implement his wolf pack tactics by directing groups of submarines against Allied convoys. Inflicting heavy casualties, the attacks caused a crisis for the Allies. As British and American technology improved in 1943, they began to have more success in combating Doenitzs u-boats. As a result, he continued to press for new submarine technology and more advanced u-boat designs. Grand Admiral Promoted to grand admiral on January 30, 1943, Doenitz replaced Raeder as command-in-chief of the Kriegsmarine. With limited surface units remaining, he relied on them as a fleet in being to distract the Allies while focusing on submarine warfare. During his tenure, German designers produced some of the most advanced submarine designs of the war including the Type XXI. Despite spurts of success, as the war progressed, Doenitzs u-boats were slowly driven from the Atlantic as the Allies utilized sonar and other technology, as well as Ultra radio intercepts, to hunt down and sink them. Leader of Germany With the Soviets nearing Berlin, Hitler committed suicide on April 30, 1945. In his will he ordered that Doenitz replace him as the leader of Germany with the title of president. A surprise choice, it is thought that Doenitz was selected as Hitler believed that the only the navy had remained loyal to him. Though Joseph Goebbels was designated to be his chancellor, he committed suicide the next day. On May 1, Doenitz selected Count Ludwig Schwerin von Krosigk as chancellor and attempted to form a government. Headquartered at Flensburg, near the Danish border, Doenitzs government worked to ensure the loyalty of the army and encouraged German troops to surrender to the Americans and British rather than the Soviets. Authorizing German forces in northwestern Europe to surrender on May 4, Doenitz instructed Colonel General Alfred Jodl to sign the instrument of unconditional surrender on May 7. Not recognized by the Allies, his government ceased to rule after the surrender and was captured at Flensburg on May 23. Arrested, Doenitz was seen to be a strong supporter of Nazism and Hitler. As a result he was indicted as a major war criminal and was tried at Nuremberg. Final Years There Doenitz was accused of war crimes and crimes against humanity, largely relating to the use of unrestricted submarine warfare and issuing orders to ignore survivors in the water. Found guilty on charges of planning and waging a war of aggression and crimes against the laws of war, he was spared the death sentence as American Admiral Chester W. Nimitz provided an affidavit in support of unrestricted submarine warfare (which had been used against the Japanese in the Pacific) and due to the British use of a similar policy in the  Skagerrak. As a result, Doenitz was sentenced to ten years in prison. Incarcerated at Spandau Prison, he was released on October 1, 1956. Retiring to Aumà ¼hle in northern West Germany, he focused on writing his memoirs in entitled Ten Years and Twenty Days. He remained in retirement until his death on December 24, 1980.